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The author reviews the recent economic research on emerging issues for infrastructure policies affecting poor people in developing countries. His main purpose is to identify some of the challenges the international community, and donors in particular, are likely to have to address over the next few years. He addresses six main issues: (1) the necessity of infrastructure in achieving the Millennium Development Goals; (2) the various dimensions of financing challenges for infrastructure; (3) the debate on the relative importance of urban and rural infrastructure needs; (4) the debate on the effectiveness of infrastructure decentralization; (5) what works and what does not when trying to target the needs of the poor, with an emphasis on affordability and regulation challenges; and (6) the importance of governance and corruption in the sector. The author concludes by showing how the challenges identified define a relatively well integrated agenda for both researchers and the international infrastructure community.

Infrastructure (Economics)

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Infrastructure (Economics) --- Africa --- Politics and government --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions --- Social policy. --- Capital, Social (Economics) --- Economic infrastructure --- Social capital (Economics) --- Social infrastructure --- Social overhead capital --- Economic development --- Human settlements --- Public goods --- Public works --- Capital --- Eastern Hemisphere

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Public utilities. --- Privatization. --- Public utilities --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Capital, Social (Economics) --- Economic infrastructure --- Social capital (Economics) --- Social infrastructure --- Social overhead capital --- Economic development --- Human settlements --- Public goods --- Public works --- Capital --- Municipal utilities --- Public-service corporations (Public utilities) --- Utilities, Public --- Utility companies --- Municipal franchises --- Denationalization --- Privatisation --- Contracting out --- Corporatization --- Government ownership --- Government policy.

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Investments, Foreign --- Economic development projects --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Investments, Foreign. --- Finance --- Finance. --- Developing countries. --- Capital exports --- Capital imports --- FDI (Foreign direct investment) --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign investment --- Foreign investments --- International investment --- Offshore investments --- Outward investments --- Capital, Social (Economics) --- Economic infrastructure --- Social capital (Economics) --- Social infrastructure --- Social overhead capital --- Development projects, Economic --- Projects, Economic development --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Capital movements --- Investments --- Public investments --- Economic development --- Human settlements --- Public goods --- Public works --- Capital --- Economic assistance --- Technical assistance

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This paper analyzes factors that determine recent economic growth in the low-income countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.2 The main findings are as follows: (1) productivity gains in export-oriented sectors and expansion of exports may have become the main sources of growth in five of the seven CIS-7 countries, while in the early years of transition the output recovery was mainly driven by consumption; (2) economic growth has concentrated in agriculture and the raw material sectors, and, thus, is vulnerable to changes in external conditions; and (3) structural reforms matter for growth, which is consistent with previous research on growth in transition countries.

Commonwealth of Independent States. --- Infrastructure --- Macroeconomics --- Agribusiness --- Production and Operations Management --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Agriculture: General --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Accounting --- Agricultural economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic growth --- Total factor productivity --- Agricultural sector --- Transportation --- Labor --- Growth accounting --- Industrial productivity --- Agricultural industries --- Saving and investment --- Labor economics --- Economic development --- Kyrgyz Republic